Goetze, Volker

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

Griot (also called jeli/jali) is the hereditary West African tradition of poet-singers, historians, and musicians whose craft combines storytelling, praise-singing, genealogy, diplomacy, and music. It is centered in the Mande world of today’s Mali, Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea, and is best known for virtuosic performances on the kora (21‑string harp-lute), balafon (xylophone), and ngoni (lute), alongside powerful, ornamented vocals. Griot music is structured around cyclical ostinatos with improvisatory flourishes, call-and-response, and text that preserves communal memory—epics, lineages, and moral instruction—delivered in languages such as Mandinka and Bambara. While deeply traditional, the griot aesthetic has adapted to modern stages and studios, influencing global “world music,” West African pop, and blues-derived styles.