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Description

Qur'an recitation (tilāwa/qirāʾa) is the highly disciplined, melodically articulated oral rendering of the Islamic scripture in Classical Arabic. Practitioners do not regard it as "music" in a secular entertainment sense; rather, it is an act of worship governed by tajwīd rules that ensure perfect pronunciation, pacing, and clarity of meaning.

Despite that distinction, many listeners perceive its sonic features—nuanced phrasing, modal color, and controlled vibrato—as musical. Reciters often shape their delivery with melodic contours related to the Arabic maqām system while maintaining a free, speech-like rhythm. Performances range from measured murattal styles for study and daily devotion to more florid mujawwad styles in public or ceremonial contexts. The result is an emotionally expressive but strictly text-centered art of sacred vocal recitation.


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History

Origins (7th century CE)

The Qur'an began to be revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in 610 CE in Mecca (present-day Saudi Arabia). From the outset, the text was taught, transmitted, and preserved through oral recitation. Early Muslims emphasized precise articulation and memorization, establishing the foundations of tajwīd (rules of recitation) to safeguard correct pronunciation, pacing, and meanings.

Codification of Recitation Sciences (10th–15th centuries)

By the 10th century, Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid designated seven canonical qirāʾāt (reading traditions), each with accepted chains of transmission (riwāyāt). Later scholars expanded and clarified these systems. Foundational pedagogical texts—such as Al-Shāṭibiyya (12th c.) and the works of Ibn al-Jazarī (d. 1429)—codified tajwīd principles (e.g., makhārij al-ḥurūf, madd, idghām, ikhfāʾ, qalqalah) and standardized teaching methods across the Islamic world.

Regional Styles and Broadcast Era (19th–20th centuries)

As Islam spread, distinct recitational aesthetics developed while remaining within canonical rules, e.g., Egyptian mujawwad and murattal approaches, Maghrebi phrasing, and varied riwāyāt such as Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim (widely used), Warsh ʿan Nāfiʿ (North/West Africa), and Qālūn ʿan Nāfiʿ. The 20th century’s radio and recording industries—especially Egyptian radio—amplified the global reach of celebrated qurrāʾ like Mahmoud Khalil Al-Husary, Muhammad Siddiq al-Minshawi, and Abdul Basit Abdus Samad.

Contemporary Practice (21st century)

Digital media, satellite TV, and streaming platforms have further globalized Qur'anic recitation. International competitions, institute certifications (ijazah), and online pedagogy have broadened access while preserving rigorous standards. Modern reciters continue to explore expressive modal color within tajwīd, using maqām pathways carefully so that beauty serves comprehension and reverence for the text.

How to make a track in this genre

Intent and Text
•   Treat the recitation as an act of worship; the Qur'anic text is central. Aim for clarity, humility, and conveying meanings rather than vocal display. •   Select a recognized riwāyah (e.g., Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim, Warsh ʿan Nāfiʿ) and adhere to its transmission rules.
Voice and Pronunciation (Tajwīd)
•   Master makhārij al-ḥurūf (points of articulation) and ṣifāt al-ḥurūf (letter qualities). •   Apply core rules precisely: madd (elongations), idghām, ikhfāʾ, iqlāb, qalqalah, ghunnah, and proper waqf (pauses) and ibtidāʾ (restarts). •   Maintain healthy breath support and steady intonation; avoid excessive vibrato or theatricality.
Melody and Modality
•   Use maqām color as a tool for expression, not as a fixed tune. Common choices include Bayātī (warm, devotional), Ḥijāz (austere, majestic), Rast (balanced, clear), and Ṣabā (plaintive, reflective). •   Shape phrases to underline semantic units and rhetorical shifts; modulate gently between compatible maqām families where appropriate.
Rhythm and Pacing
•   Favor a free, speech-like rhythm that follows syntax and meaning; do not impose strict meter. •   Use measured murattal for study and devotion; employ more ornamented mujawwad cautiously for public recitation while preserving intelligibility.
Performance Practice
•   No instruments accompany Qur'anic recitation; the human voice alone conveys the text. •   Observe decorum: appropriate venue, posture, and audience etiquette. Begin with basmala when prescribed and respect traditional opening/closing formulas.
Practice Routine
•   Study with a qualified teacher to receive ijāzah. Record practice sessions to check articulation and pacing. •   Memorize incrementally (ḥifẓ), review regularly (murājaʿah), and refine tone, breath, and maqām shading under supervision.

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