Mohammad Reza Lotfi

The Tar is a long-necked, waisted lute that serves as the primary instrument of Persian classical music. It is distinguished by its double-bowl body carved from mulberry wood and covered with a thin membrane of lambskin, which gives it a unique, resonant, and slightly nasal timbre. It typically has six strings (arranged in three courses) and movable gut frets that allow for the microtonal intervals essential to the Dastgah system. The instrument is held against the upper chest and plucked with a small brass plectrum held in a ball of wax, allowing for intricate ornamentation and rapid tremolos.

Sufi is a devotional musical tradition rooted in Islamic mysticism that seeks to induce remembrance of the Divine (dhikr) and transport performers and listeners toward spiritual ecstasy (wajd). It is not a single uniform style, but a family of practices that vary across regions—most notably Persian/Iranian, Anatolian/Turkish (Mevlevi), Arab, and South Asian (qawwali, kafi). Musically, Sufi repertoire tends to revolve around repetitive, mantra-like refrains, call-and-response between lead and chorus, and gradual intensification over cyclical rhythms. Melodic language draws from regional modal systems such as the Persian dastgāh, Ottoman/Turkish makam, and South Asian raga, and is often supported by drones. Texts are central: poetry by mystic masters like Rumi, Hafez, Bullhe Shah, and Amir Khusrau is sung in Persian, Urdu, Punjabi, Arabic, Turkish, and other languages. Instrumentation varies by locale—harmonium, tabla/dholak, tanpura, and clapping in South Asia; ney, kudüm, bendir, and tanbur in Turkey; oud and frame drums across the Arab world—yet the unifying aim is spiritual uplift and inner transformation.