Kayano, Shigeru

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

Yukar is the epic narrative chant of the Ainu people, traditionally performed solo in a steady, speech‑song delivery without instrumental accompaniment. It tells long mythic or heroic tales—often in the first person as a speaking deity (kamuy)—using dense formulaic diction, parallelism, and refrains to aid memory and create a trance‑like flow. The vocal line is narrow in range, rhythmically pulsed by breath, hand‑tapping, or knee‑tapping, and shaped by vocables and ideophones that punctuate the story. Distinct from Ainu group songs (upopo), yukar functions as a dramatic, extended oral literature where performance and narration are inseparable.