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american early music

American Early Music

United States · 1950s
DreamySentimentalChillEpicRomantic

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Description

American early music is the U.S. branch of the post‑war early‑music revival devoted to the historically informed performance of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque repertoires (roughly c. 1100–1750).

It centers on period instruments, historically appropriate tunings and temperaments, small ensemble forces, and style‑specific articulation, ornamentation, and rhetoric. Although the repertory largely originates in Europe, American early music also embraces colonial and mission‑era sources from North and Latin America, and it is shaped by U.S. institutions, festivals, ensembles, university programs, and instrument builders that took root from the mid‑20th century onward.


Sources: Spotify, Wikipedia, Discogs, RYM, MB, user feedback and other online sources

History

Origins (1950s–1960s)

After World War II, the historically informed performance (HIP) movement that had been germinating in Europe found a vigorous foothold in the United States. In the 1950s, pioneering American ensembles and university collegia began exploring Medieval chant, Renaissance polyphony, and Baroque chamber and sacred works on period instruments. Instrument builders and restorers in cities such as Boston and New York helped supply recorders, viols, lutes, harpsichords, cornetti, sackbuts, and baroque strings, enabling performers to move beyond modern orchestral sonorities.

Expansion and Institutions (1970s–1990s)

From the 1970s, professional period‑instrument orchestras and specialized vocal ensembles multiplied, while music departments launched historical performance programs. Festivals (notably large biennials) became incubators for opera revivals, scholarly editions, and cross‑Atlantic collaborations. American ensembles also broadened the canon by programming colonial New England psalmody, music from New Spain and French Canada, Moravian archives, and Afro‑Atlantic sacred repertories alongside European masterworks.

Practices and Scholarship

American early music was defined not only by repertoire but by method: gut strings and short bows; natural trumpets and horns; Renaissance wind bands; historical temperaments and flexible pitch standards (e.g., A≈415 for much Baroque music, A≈392 for some French, A≈466 in certain Venetian contexts); basso continuo realization on harpsichord, organ, or theorbo; style‑specific ornaments (Italian passaggi, French agréments, English divisions); rhetorical phrasing and dance‑derived rhythm.

21st Century

Today, American early music is a mature ecosystem of orchestras, choirs, consorts, and opera projects, supported by festivals, nonprofit advocacy, and university programs. Recording and streaming have amplified its reach, and the field continues to diversify—recovering women composers, Jewish, Indigenous, and African‑diasporic sources in the early modern Atlantic, and commissioning new works that engage historical instruments and techniques.

How to make a track in this genre

Choose Repertoire and Forces

Select works from Medieval, Renaissance, or Baroque sources (e.g., chant, motets, madrigals, consort music, dances, trio sonatas, cantatas, oratorios). Match ensemble size to historical context: solo voices and intimate continuo for chamber works; small chorus and period orchestra for larger sacred pieces.

Instruments and Sound

Use period instruments or historically informed replicas: gut‑strung violins/violas/cellos; viols; lute/theorbo/baroque guitar; harpsichord and chamber organ; recorder and baroque flute (traverso); oboe/oboe d’amore; cornett, sackbut, dulcian; natural trumpets/horns; medieval winds (shawm), vielle, hurdy‑gurdy as needed. Aim for transparent textures, light articulation, and a focused (often straight) vocal tone with clear diction.

Pitch, Temperament, and Tuning

Adopt historically plausible pitch and temperament: A≈415 for much German/Italian Baroque, A≈392 for French Baroque, and meantone/Valotti/temperaments documented for the repertoire. Tune chords by ear for beatless thirds/sixths in earlier music; allow unequal keys to color harmony.

Continuo and Ornamentation

Realize basso continuo idiomatically on harpsichord/organ/theorbo with improvisatory but style‑aware voicings. Add ornaments appropriate to national style and period: Italian passaggi/divisions, French agréments, cadential trills, appoggiaturas, and tasteful diminutions. In French Baroque dance movements, apply inégalité and notes inégales where indicated by practice.

Rhythm, Text, and Affekt

Let dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, gigue, chaconne, passacaglia) shape tempo, weight, and bowing. In vocal music, prioritize text underlay, prosody, and rhetoric; vary articulation to paint words and harmonies. Use terraced dynamics and affective contrasts rather than continuous Romantic crescendos.

Study Primary Sources

Consult period treatises (e.g., Quantz, C.P.E. Bach, Praetorius, Agricola) and facsimiles/urtexts; cross‑check editorial markings against sources. Research local performance customs (liturgical function, venue scale, forces available) and adjust scoring, pitch, and continuo forces accordingly.

Best playlists

The Sound of American Early Music
The Sound of American Early Music
Every Noise at Once
American Early Music
American Early Music
Chosic
American Early Music Mix
American Early Music Mix
Spotify
Best of American Early Music
Best of American Early Music
volt.fm

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in this genre
Influenced by
Early Music
Early music is a modern performance movement devoted to the repertoire of the Medieval, Renaissance, and early Baroque eras (roughly before c. 1750), approached with historically informed performance (HIP) practices. It emphasizes period instruments (or faithful replicas), historical tunings and temperaments, original notations and sources, and performance conventions documented in treatises of the time. The sound world ranges from monophonic chant and modal organum, to intricate Renaissance polyphony, to the emergence of basso continuo and dramatic affect in the early Baroque. Rather than being a single historical style, early music is a contemporary practice of reviving diverse pre‑Classical musics with scholarly rigor and artistic vitality.
Medieval
Medieval music refers to the diverse sacred and secular musical practices of Europe between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the dawn of the Renaissance. It spans more than eight centuries, from early monophonic chant to the first notated polyphony. Core features include the use of church modes rather than major/minor, extensive reliance on vocal music (Latin sacred chant as well as vernacular song), and the progressive development from unmeasured chant to rhythmic modal notation and, later, mensural notation. Texture evolves from monophony (plainchant, troubadour songs) to organum, conductus, and the motet, culminating in complex isorhythmic works by the late 13th–14th centuries. Secular traditions—troubadours and trouvères in France, Minnesänger in German lands, and the Iberian Cantigas—coexisted with and influenced sacred practice. Instruments such as the vielle, harp, psaltery, recorder, shawm, hurdy-gurdy, and portative organ often doubled or accompanied voices, though much music remained purely vocal.
Renaissance
Renaissance music (c. 1400–1600) marks the shift from medieval sonorities to a clearer, triad-based polyphony in which multiple independent voices are treated with near-equal importance. It favors modal counterpoint, pervasive imitation, smooth voice-leading, and carefully prepared cadences. Text intelligibility and expressive text-setting become central concerns, especially in sacred motets and masses and in secular forms like the Italian madrigal and the French chanson. While much of the repertory is a cappella, instrumental consorts (viol, recorder, sackbut, cornett, organ) play a growing role. A steady tactus underpins rhythms, and tuning systems such as meantone temperament shape its characteristic color. Music printing (from 1501) accelerates stylistic diffusion across Europe.
Baroque
Baroque is a period and style of Western art music spanning roughly 1600–1750. It is characterized by the birth of functional tonality, the widespread use of basso continuo (figured bass), and a love of contrast—between soloist and ensemble, loud and soft, and different timbres. Hallmark genres and forms of the era include opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto (especially the concerto grosso), dance suite, sonata, and fugue. Textures range from expressive monody to intricate counterpoint, and melodies are richly ornamented with trills, mordents, and appoggiaturas. Baroque music flourished in churches, courts, and theaters across Europe, with regional styles (Italian, French, German, English) shaping distinctive approaches to rhythm, dance, harmony, and ornamentation.
Historically Informed Performance
Historically informed performance (HIP) is a performance practice that aims to recreate music using the instruments, techniques, tunings, ensemble sizes, and interpretive habits that were current when the works were first written. Rather than being a fixed sound, HIP is a research‑driven approach that reads treatises, scores, letters, iconography, and archival evidence to decide how to articulate, ornament, tune, phrase, and balance the music. Although it is most closely associated with Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and early Classical repertories, HIP has expanded into Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Brahms, and even early twentieth‑century music. Core elements include period instruments (or replicas), historically appropriate pitch standards and temperaments, rhetorical phrasing aligned with dance and speech, and improvisatory practices such as extempore ornamentation and continuo realization.
Classical
Classical music is the notated art-music tradition of Europe and its global descendants, characterized by durable forms, carefully codified harmony and counterpoint, and a literate score-based practice. The term “classical” can refer broadly to the entire Western art-music lineage from the Medieval era to today, not just the Classical period (c. 1750s–1820s). It privileges long-form structures (such as symphonies, sonatas, concertos, masses, and operas), functional or modal harmony, thematic development, and timbral nuance across ensembles ranging from solo instruments to full orchestras and choirs. Across centuries, the style evolved from chant and modal polyphony to tonal harmony, and later to post-tonal idioms, while maintaining a shared emphasis on written notation, performance practice, and craft.
Gregorian Chant
Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic liturgy. Sung in Latin (and occasionally Greek), it employs modal melodies that flow with the natural accent of the liturgical text rather than a fixed meter. Characterized by stepwise motion within a narrow range and by free rhythm guided by the syllabic and melismatic shapes of the text, Gregorian chant aims to create a contemplative, prayerful atmosphere. Its melodies are organized by the medieval church modes and are transmitted in neumatic notation—first adiastematic (height-indeterminate) neumes and later square notation on a four-line staff. Although named after Pope Gregory I, the repertory crystallized during the Carolingian era as a synthesis of Roman and Gallican practices, and it became the foundation for much of Western sacred music and the development of early polyphony.
Choral
Choral refers to music written for and performed by a choir—an ensemble of voices organized into sections such as soprano, alto, tenor, and bass (SATB), or same-voice groupings (SSA, TTBB). It encompasses both sacred and secular repertoire and may be sung a cappella or with accompaniment by organ, piano, or full orchestra. Stylistically, choral music ranges from chant-like monophony to intricate polyphony and rich homophonic textures. Texts are drawn from liturgy, scripture, poetry, and vernacular sources, and are set in many languages. Performance contexts include church services, concert halls, and community events, making choral one of the most socially embedded and widely practiced forms of ensemble music. Across history, choral music has served as a laboratory for vocal counterpoint, word painting, and text-driven form, while functioning as a cultural bridge among religious rites, national traditions, and contemporary concert practice.
Harpsichord
Harpsichord refers to a repertoire and performance tradition centered on the plucked‑string keyboard instruments of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. Its sound is produced by quills (or plectra) that pluck the strings, giving a clear attack, rapid decay, and a bright, silvery timbre distinct from the later piano. As a genre tag it encompasses solo keyboard works (suites, ordres, toccatas, preludes and fugues, character pieces), concertos, chamber sonatas with continuo, and continuo playing in vocal and instrumental music. Stylistically it spans Italian brilliance, English virginalist craft, French elegance with agréments and notes inégales, German contrapuntal rigor, and Iberian color and rhythm. Modern harpsichord performance is closely tied to historically informed practice: period instruments or replicas, historical temperaments, A=415 (or period-appropriate) pitch, and articulation and ornamentation derived from primary sources.
Latin American Baroque
Latin American Baroque is the repertoire of sacred and festive art music written and performed in the cathedrals, missions, and courts of colonial Spanish and Portuguese America during the Baroque era. It blends European contrapuntal craft, basso continuo, and ceremonial grandeur with local languages, dance rhythms, and timbral practices. Typical forms include masses, motets, litanies, and villancicos (often for Christmas and major feasts), set in Latin as well as Spanish and sometimes indigenous languages such as Nahuatl, Quechua, or Guaraní. Instrumentation combines European forces—violins, cornetts, sackbuts, bajón (dulcian), harp, organ, and guitars—with local percussion and distinctive rhythmic cells (notably the sesquiáltera 3:2). The result is music that can be both solemn and architectonic for liturgy, and exuberant and dance-inflected for feast-day devotions.
Historical Keyboard
Historical keyboard is a performance-oriented classical genre focused on playing repertoire on period-appropriate keyboard instruments—harpsichord, clavichord, fortepiano, early pianos, and historical organs—using techniques, tunings, and aesthetics drawn from the time the music was written. Rather than treating the modern concert grand as the default, historical keyboard prioritizes the specific colors and mechanics of older instruments (plectrum-plucked harpsichords, tangent or gut-strung clavichords, Viennese and English fortepianos, tracker-action organs). Performers adopt historical temperaments, historical pitch standards (e.g., A=415, 430, or local organ pitches), period fingering and articulation, and documented practices of ornamentation, cadenzas, and continuo realization. The result is a palette of timbres and articulations that illuminate Baroque, Classical, and early Romantic repertoire with clarity, speech-like phrasing, and historically grounded rhetoric.
Has influenced
Baroque Ensemble
Baroque ensemble refers to groups performing instrumental and vocal music from the Baroque era using the ensemble formats of the time—string bands with continuo, mixed winds and brass, and, at larger scale, early orchestras. It foregrounds basso continuo (harpsichord, organ, theorbo, cello/violone) supporting melody instruments (violins, violas, oboes, recorders, trumpets, flutes) in forms such as trio sonatas, dance suites, concerti grossi, overtures, and early symphonies. In contemporary usage, the term often implies historically informed approaches: period or replica instruments with gut strings, natural trumpets and horns, Baroque bows, and performance practices like ornamentation, notes inégales, overdotting, and rhetorical phrasing. The sound is clear, articulate, and texturally transparent, with terraced dynamics and continuo-driven harmony that emphasizes affect and musical rhetoric.
Medieval Ensemble
Medieval ensemble is a modern performance genre devoted to the historically informed presentation of European music from the Middle Ages (roughly the 9th–15th centuries). Ensembles typically employ reconstructed period instruments (vielle, rebec, lute, harp, psaltery, hurdy‑gurdy, organetto, recorders, shawms, bagpipes, frame drums) and historically grounded vocal techniques to render chant, monophonic song, and early polyphony. Repertoire commonly spans sacred and secular traditions: Gregorian and other plainchants; Notre Dame organum and conductus; ars antiqua and ars nova motets; laude and cantigas; troubadour/trovière songs in Occitan and Old French; and instrumental dances such as estampies, ductias, saltarelli, and caroles. Performances prioritize modal pitch systems, medieval rhythmic practice (modal rhythms, isorhythm), open-fifth sonorities, and language authenticity (Latin, Occitan, Old French, Middle English, Galician‑Portuguese).
Historically Informed Performance
Historically informed performance (HIP) is a performance practice that aims to recreate music using the instruments, techniques, tunings, ensemble sizes, and interpretive habits that were current when the works were first written. Rather than being a fixed sound, HIP is a research‑driven approach that reads treatises, scores, letters, iconography, and archival evidence to decide how to articulate, ornament, tune, phrase, and balance the music. Although it is most closely associated with Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and early Classical repertories, HIP has expanded into Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Brahms, and even early twentieth‑century music. Core elements include period instruments (or replicas), historically appropriate pitch standards and temperaments, rhetorical phrasing aligned with dance and speech, and improvisatory practices such as extempore ornamentation and continuo realization.
American Contemporary Classical
American contemporary classical is the broad umbrella for concert music created in the United States from the mid‑20th century to the present. It includes post‑war modernist currents, radical experimentalism, minimalist process music, and today’s post‑genre, postmodern eclecticism. Hallmarks include expanded harmonic palettes (from atonality and serialism to neo‑tonality and modal writing), rhythmic innovation (pulse‑driven minimalism, additive meters, phasing), a keen interest in timbre (extended techniques, prepared instruments, unconventional ensembles), and a deep engagement with technology (tape, electronics, live processing). American strands often braid in vernacular influences—jazz, rock, folk hymnody—alongside rigorous “uptown” academic traditions, yielding a scene that is both institutionally grounded and fiercely independent.

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