William Bolcom

Contemporary classical is the broad field of Western art music created after World War II. It embraces an array of aesthetics—from serialism and indeterminacy to minimalism, spectralism, electroacoustic practices, and post‑tonal lyricism—while retaining a concern for notated composition and timbral innovation. Unlike the unified styles of earlier eras, contemporary classical is pluralistic. Composers freely mix acoustic and electronic sound, expand instrumental techniques, adopt non‑Western tuning and rhythm, and explore new forms, from process-based structures to open and graphic scores. The result is a music that can be rigorously complex or radically simple, technologically experimental or intimately acoustic, yet consistently focused on extending how musical time, timbre, and form can be shaped.

Classic ragtime is a composed, syncopated style of American popular piano music that crystallized in the late 1890s and flourished through the 1910s. It pairs a steady, march-like left hand (bass note plus chord—“oom–pah”) with a highly syncopated right-hand melody that "rags" the beat. Unlike later jazz, classic ragtime is not primarily improvised; it was disseminated as notated sheet music and intended to be played at a moderate, even tempo without swing. Most rags follow a multi-strain march form (often AABBACCDD), with 16-bar sections and a trio that commonly modulates to the subdominant. Its harmonic language centers on diatonic progressions colored by secondary dominants, chromatic approach tones, and occasional diminished passing chords. The style is rooted in African American musical aesthetics and social dance (e.g., cakewalk), while drawing structural cues from European marches and ballroom dances. Though quintessentially a solo piano idiom, classic ragtime was also arranged for small ensembles and bands.

Ragtime is an African American–rooted piano style that flourished from the 1890s to the 1910s, characterized by lively syncopation in the right hand against a steady, march-like “oom‑pah” accompaniment in the left hand. Typically written in 2/4 or 4/4 time and notated with straight (unswung) eighth notes, classic rags unfold in multiple 16‑bar strains, often in the form AABBACCDD. The music draws on cakewalk rhythms, marching-band forms, and popular song, and it became a sensation through sheet music, piano rolls, and parlor performance. Scott Joplin, known as the “King of Ragtime,” helped codify the genre’s refined, compositional approach, calling for moderate tempos and a clear, singing melody. Beyond solo piano, ragtime was arranged for small ensembles and orchestras, found a home in vaudeville and dance halls, and laid essential groundwork for early jazz, stride piano, and much of 20th‑century American popular music.