Francesco Geminiani

A concerto grosso is a Baroque-era orchestral form built on contrasts between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and the full ensemble (the ripieno or tutti). It typically features strings with basso continuo, terraced dynamics, antiphonal dialogue, and clear tonal harmony. Two principal subtypes emerged: the church-oriented sonata da chiesa (often in a four-movement slow–fast–slow–fast plan) and the dance-inflected sonata da camera (suite-like movements). The genre highlights thematic exchange, sequences, and imitation, with the concertino—often two violins and cello—embroidered against broader tutti refrains. Corelli’s models codified its syntax, and Handel’s sets represent its late-Baroque culmination.

Baroque is a period and style of Western art music spanning roughly 1600–1750. It is characterized by the birth of functional tonality, the widespread use of basso continuo (figured bass), and a love of contrast—between soloist and ensemble, loud and soft, and different timbres. Hallmark genres and forms of the era include opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto (especially the concerto grosso), dance suite, sonata, and fugue. Textures range from expressive monody to intricate counterpoint, and melodies are richly ornamented with trills, mordents, and appoggiaturas. Baroque music flourished in churches, courts, and theaters across Europe, with regional styles (Italian, French, German, English) shaping distinctive approaches to rhythm, dance, harmony, and ornamentation.

Classical music is the notated art-music tradition of Europe and its global descendants, characterized by durable forms, carefully codified harmony and counterpoint, and a literate score-based practice. The term “classical” can refer broadly to the entire Western art-music lineage from the Medieval era to today, not just the Classical period (c. 1750s–1820s). It privileges long-form structures (such as symphonies, sonatas, concertos, masses, and operas), functional or modal harmony, thematic development, and timbral nuance across ensembles ranging from solo instruments to full orchestras and choirs. Across centuries, the style evolved from chant and modal polyphony to tonal harmony, and later to post-tonal idioms, while maintaining a shared emphasis on written notation, performance practice, and craft.