David Rothenberg

Whale song is a body of bioacoustic recordings featuring the vocalizations of whales—most famously humpback whales—presented and listened to as music. Although whales have sung for millennia, the genre coalesced in the late 1960s and 1970s when high‑fidelity hydrophone recordings became widely published on albums and in documentaries. The sound world is characterized by slowly evolving phrases, haunting glissandi, pulsed rhythms, and a striking dynamic and spectral range, from infrasonic rumbles to piercing squeals. Humpback whale songs exhibit hierarchical structure (units → phrases → themes → songs), seasonal variation, and cultural transmission across populations, which listeners perceive as forms of motif development and long‑form composition. As a listening genre, whale song straddles music, science, and environmental sound art. It is used for contemplation and relaxation, has influenced ambient and new age aesthetics, and remains a touchstone for eco‑acoustic awareness.

Insect sounds is a nature-recording genre focused on capturing the acoustic life of insects—crickets, katydids, cicadas, grasshoppers, beetles, and other arthropods—both as documentary field recordings and as contemplative listening material. It privileges unmanipulated, high-fidelity ambience where the insects’ rhythms, choruses, and timbral details become the "music." While scientific collections and sound archives existed earlier, the genre coalesced as a consumer-facing category during the 1970s–1990s alongside nature-sound albums and the field-recording movement. Releases range from taxonomically organized reference compilations to immersive nocturnal soundscapes that emphasize place, season, and time of day. Aesthetically, insect sounds overlap with ambient, new age, and sound art: long takes, minimal intervention, and a strong sense of space. Technically, it relies on specialized microphones (parabolic dishes, contact mics) and high sample rates to render subtle stridulations and ultrasonics with clarity.

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

Electronic is a broad umbrella genre defined by the primary use of electronically generated or electronically processed sound. It encompasses music made with synthesizers, drum machines, samplers, computers, and studio/tape techniques, as well as electroacoustic manipulation of recorded or synthetic sources. The genre ranges from academic and experimental traditions to popular and dance-oriented forms. While its sonic palette is rooted in electricity and circuitry, its aesthetics span minimal and textural explorations, structured song forms, and beat-driven club permutations. Electronic emphasizes sound design, timbre, and studio-as-instrument practices as much as melody and harmony.

Non-music is an umbrella category for recorded audio whose primary purpose is not musical performance. It encompasses spoken word, speeches, interviews, poetry readings, comedy, audio documentaries, instructional recordings, field recordings, sound effects, and other forms of organized sound meant to inform, narrate, document, or entertain without relying on melody or conventional song structure. Rather than emphasizing harmony, rhythm, and instrumentation, non-music foregrounds voice, text, ambient sound, narrative flow, informational content, and sonic texture. Its aesthetics range from raw, unedited actuality to highly produced studio works, and its scope spans archival preservation, education, performance art, and mass entertainment.