Net Century

Ambient is a form of electronic and electroacoustic music that prioritizes tone, atmosphere, and texture over conventional song structures and rhythmic drive. It typically features slow-moving harmonies, sustained drones, gentle timbral shifts, and extensive use of space and silence. Rather than drawing attention to itself through hooks or beats, ambient is designed to be as ignorable as it is interesting, rewarding both background listening and focused immersion. Artists often employ synthesizers, samplers, tape loops, field recordings, and subtle acoustic instruments, with reverb and delay creating a sense of place. Substyles range from luminous, consonant soundscapes to darker, more dissonant atmospheres.

Juke is a fast, sample-driven club style from Chicago that runs around 150–160 BPM, built on jagged 808/909 drum programming, booming sub‑bass, and looped vocal chants. It keeps the raw, minimal, party‑starting energy of ghetto house but pushes the tempo and rhythmic syncopation much further. Tracks often rely on short, repetitive hooks and call‑and‑response phrases, claps on the backbeat, and tom/snare rolls that stutter and pivot around a steady 4/4 grid. Harmonic content is sparse—brief chord stabs, simple bass riffs, and plenty of negative space—so that dancers can lock into the drums. Juke is closely related to, and historically precedes, Chicago footwork; where juke is the more club‑aligned, chant‑heavy form, footwork became more abstract and battle‑oriented.

Broken transmission is a vaporwave-adjacent microgenre built from fragmented, channel-surfing collages of analog broadcast ephemera. Producers splice together tiny shards of TV idents, news stingers, commercials, interstitial music, and dead air, emphasizing tape hiss, static, dropouts, and tuning noise as musical material. Often beatless or only loosely pulsed, tracks unfold like late-night flipping through channels: abrupt cuts, fleeting jingles, station sign‑offs, and half-heard voiceovers that dissolve into snow. The result is a liminal, hauntological mood—nostalgia filtered through the mechanical errors and material decay of VHS, cable boxes, and broadcast tape. Where classic vaporwave slows and loops pop smoothness, broken transmission foregrounds the texture of the medium itself. It treats errors, transitions, and broadcast artifacts as hooks, creating an uncanny documentary of mediated memory.

Dark ambient is a subgenre of ambient music that emphasizes ominous, brooding atmospheres, sub-bass rumbles, and textural noise over melody and rhythm. It often evokes feelings of isolation, cosmic dread, sanctified ritual, or post-industrial decay, prioritizing mood and immersion above traditional song structure. Typical sound design includes layered drones, heavily processed field recordings, metallic resonances, dissonant tone clusters, and cavernous reverbs. The music tends to evolve slowly over long durations, with subtle timbral shifts and spectral motion substituting for harmonic progression or beat-driven momentum.

Dreampunk is a vaporwave-adjacent strain of ambient music that evokes rain-slicked, neon-lit cityscapes and late-night solitude. It favors widescreen pads, lingering reverb, and soft-focus textures that feel cinematic yet intimate, as if overheard from an apartment window above an endless metropolis. The style often incorporates field recordings—rain, traffic, station announcements—alongside subdued downtempo rhythms or entirely beatless passages. Harmonies tend to be lush but restrained, leaning on suspended tones and minor 7th colorings that drift rather than resolve. The result is a dreamlike, nocturnal mood that sits between ambient, vaporwave, and cyberpunk film score aesthetics.

Drone is a minimalist music genre defined by sustained tones, long durations, and extremely gradual change. Harmony is often static or centered on a single fundamental with subtle overtone shifts, while rhythm tends toward stasis or very slow pulses. Sound sources range from acoustic instruments (e.g., strings, organ, bagpipes, shruti box, tambura) to electronics (sine waves, oscillators, feedback, tape loops, and later digital synthesis and processing). Many composers favor just intonation or other alternative tuning systems to emphasize beating patterns, psychoacoustic effects, and the internal life of sound. Although drone as a sonic principle is ancient and global, the modern experimental genre cohered in the 1960s through the New York minimalists and related avant‑garde circles, then spread into ambient, experimental, and heavy music scenes. The focus is less on melody and more on timbre, resonance, and the phenomenology of listening.

Eccojams is a microgenre built from extremely short, looped fragments of 1980s and 1990s pop, R&B, soft rock, and smooth jazz recordings that are slowed down, pitch-shifted, and drenched in echo and reverb. The aim is to induce a hypnotic, memory-haunted mood through minimal alteration and obsessive repetition. Rather than full remixes, eccojams isolate a few seconds that feel emotionally resonant—often a single vocal melisma, chord change, or sax flourish—and stretch it into a drifting, sentimental vignette. The texture typically includes VHS-like degradation, tape hiss, and retro consumer‑media aesthetics, emphasizing nostalgia, melancholy, and the uncanny. The term and template come from Chuck Person’s Eccojams Vol. 1 (2010), a seminal release that served as a primary blueprint for early vaporwave and its many satellite styles.

Electronic is a broad umbrella genre defined by the primary use of electronically generated or electronically processed sound. It encompasses music made with synthesizers, drum machines, samplers, computers, and studio/tape techniques, as well as electroacoustic manipulation of recorded or synthetic sources. The genre ranges from academic and experimental traditions to popular and dance-oriented forms. While its sonic palette is rooted in electricity and circuitry, its aesthetics span minimal and textural explorations, structured song forms, and beat-driven club permutations. Electronic emphasizes sound design, timbre, and studio-as-instrument practices as much as melody and harmony.

Experimental music is an umbrella term for practices that prioritize exploration, process, and discovery over adherence to established genre norms. It embraces new sound sources, nonstandard tuning systems, indeterminacy and chance operations, graphic and open-form scores, extended techniques, and technology-led sound design (tape, electronics, computers, and live processing). Rather than a single style, it is a methodology and ethos: testing hypotheses about sound, structure, and performance, often blurring boundaries between composition, improvisation, sound art, and performance art. Listeners can expect unfamiliar timbres, unusual forms, and an emphasis on how music is made as much as the resulting sound.

Footwork (often called juke or Chicago juke) is a high‑velocity, sample‑driven form of electronic dance music that emerged from Chicago’s battle‑dance culture. Built around stuttering, off‑grid percussion at roughly 160 BPM, it uses chopped vocal snippets, booming sub‑bass, and rapid toms, claps, and snares arranged in highly syncopated patterns that are not locked to a constant 4/4 kick. Producers frequently slice fragments of rap, R&B, pop, and soul into call‑and‑response hooks that interact with dancers on the floor. The result is a tense, kinetic sound designed for competitive circles as much as for clubs and headphones.

Free improvisation is a practice of spontaneous music-making that avoids fixed idioms, stylistic templates, and pre-agreed structures. Musicians prioritize listening, interaction, and the exploration of sound itself—timbre, texture, dynamics, and silence—over conventional melody, harmony, or pulse. Guitarist Derek Bailey popularized the notion of "non-idiomatic improvisation," describing a music that deliberately resists falling into recognizable genre habits. While often overlapping with free jazz and contemporary classical experimentalism, free improvisation is not confined to either. It welcomes any instrument or sound source—acoustic, electronic, or everyday objects—and frequently uses extended techniques, feedback, and unconventional performance gestures. Performances can range from whisper-quiet, pointillistic interplay to ferocious, high-energy noise, with the ensemble shaping form in real time through attention and constraint.

Funk is a rhythm-forward African American popular music style that centers on groove, syncopation, and interlocking parts. Rather than emphasizing complex chord progressions, funk builds tight, repetitive vamps that highlight the rhythm section and create an irresistible dance feel. The genre is marked by syncopated drum patterns, melodic yet percussive bass lines, choppy guitar "chanks," punchy horn stabs, call‑and‑response vocals, and a strong backbeat. Funk’s stripped-down harmony, prominent use of the one (accenting the downbeat), and polyrhythmic layering draw deeply from soul, rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel, and African rhythmic traditions. From James Brown’s late-1960s innovations through the expansive P-Funk universe and the slicker sounds of the 1970s and 1980s, funk has continually evolved while seeding countless other genres, from disco and hip hop to house and modern R&B.

Mallsoft is a subgenre of vaporwave that magnifies the sound and ambience of shopping malls, corporate lobbies, food courts, and retail soundtracks. It often loops, slows, and filters archival easy listening, smooth jazz, or library music to simulate the dreamlike experience of wandering an empty mall. The style foregrounds spatial illusion and consumer nostalgia: wide reverbs, distant PA announcements, and fountain or escalator noise create a glossy yet uncanny, hyper-commercial environment. Rather than rhythmic drive, mallsoft prioritizes mood, texture, and the sensation of endless browsing in a perpetually pristine retail space.

Plunderphonics is a sample-based music practice in which new compositions are made entirely or predominantly from pre‑existing recordings. Rather than using short, unrecognizable snippets as texture, plunderphonic works foreground recognizable materials—pop hits, classical excerpts, commercials, voice-overs—and transform them through juxtaposition, layering, pitch-shifting, time-stretching, and collage. Coined by Canadian composer John Oswald in the mid‑1980s, the term names both a technique and a critical stance that questions authorship, originality, and ownership in the age of reproducible media. Plunderphonics often functions as cultural commentary or satire, drawing attention to how meaning changes when familiar sounds are recontextualized. Stylistically, it ranges from dense cut‑up cacophony to groove-oriented rearrangements that remain danceable and accessible.

Rave is a high-energy electronic dance music style and party culture that crystallized in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom, growing out of acid house nights and warehouse parties. Musically, it emphasizes relentless dance-floor momentum, big breakdowns and drops, bright "rave stabs" and hoover leads, chopped breakbeats or four-on-the-floor kicks, and euphoric vocal samples. While the word "rave" refers to the broader culture of all-night events, the genre tag often points to the early 1990s UK sound sometimes called hardcore rave or breakbeat hardcore: uptempo BPMs, Amen/Think breaks, 808/909 drums, M1 piano riffs, diva hooks, sirens, and airhorns. The mood ranges from ecstatic and communal to dark and intense, with DJ-friendly structures designed for long blends and peak-time rushes.

Shoegaze is a subgenre of alternative rock characterized by dense, immersive walls of guitar sound, heavily layered effects, and vocals that blend into the mix as another texture rather than a focal point. Typically mid-tempo and enveloping, it emphasizes timbre, atmosphere, and harmonic color over riff-driven hooks. Reverb, delay, chorus, tremolo, fuzz, and pitch-bending create a blurred, dreamlike quality—often described as a "wash"—while bass and drums provide a steady, understated foundation. The style emerged in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s; the term "shoegaze" was coined by the British press, referencing performers’ tendency to look down at their pedalboards during live shows.

Slushwave is a vaporwave-derived microgenre that stretches samples and synth textures into foggy, glacial soundscapes. Tracks are typically very slow, drenched in reverb and delay, and layered with tape hiss, vinyl crackle, and other lo‑fi artifacts to create an enveloping, dreamlike ambience. Rather than the chopped, ironic collage associated with early vaporwave, slushwave favors long pads, smeared chords, and minimal or absent percussion. When drums appear, they are subdued and distant. The genre often draws from new age, city pop, smooth jazz, and soft adult‑contemporary sources, pitching them down and elongating them into warm, melancholic drones that evoke late‑night memory, urban solitude, and liminal spaces.

Spamwave is a microgenre of vaporwave and sample-based collage that centers on the sounds, aesthetics, and affect of early-2000s internet clutter: spam emails, robocalls, pop‑up ads, infomercials, and adware/OS notifications. Producers loop, time‑stretch, and detune these commercial and computational artifacts into hypnotic, uncanny textures that feel both nostalgic and slightly menacing. Musically, spamwave favors slow to mid‑tempo loops, heavy reverb, pitch shifting, and granular edits. It blends corporate muzak, hold music, TTS voices, dial tones, and UI sounds with vaporwave’s dreamy pads and tape‑hiss patina. The result is a haunted-office ambience—equal parts retro tech nostalgia and digital detritus.

Synthwave is a retro-futurist electronic genre that revives and reimagines the sound, texture, and visual culture of 1980s film scores, television themes, arcade games, and synth-pop. Characterized by analog-style synthesizers, arpeggiated basslines, neon-soaked melodies, and gated-reverb drums, it blends nostalgia with cinematic drama. Substyles include the uplifting, driving "outrun" sound, the softer and romantic "dreamwave/chillsynth," and the heavier, horror-tinged "darksynth." Typical sound palettes reference instruments like the Roland Juno series, Yamaha DX7, Oberheim and Prophet polysynths, with drum machines such as the LinnDrum, TR-707, and 909 (or their modern emulations).

Vaportrap is a hybrid microgenre that blends the hazy, sample-based aesthetics of vaporwave with the rhythmic language and sound design of modern trap and cloud-rap instrumentals. It typically features half-time 808 grooves, shimmering pads, pitched-down or time-stretched samples from 1980s–1990s media (commercials, corporate music, smooth jazz, R&B), and a lo‑fi, nostalgic atmosphere. Compared to straight vaporwave, vaportrap is more beat-driven and club-aware; compared to mainstream trap, it is more ambient, textural, and dreamlike.

Vaporwave is an internet-born microgenre and visual aesthetic that repurposes late‑20th‑century commercial sound—mu zak, smooth jazz, soft rock, synth‑pop, city pop, and corporate training tapes—into hazy, slowed, and looped collages. Its sound foregrounds pitched‑down samples, heavy reverb, tape hiss, vinyl crackle, and dreamy pads to evoke a mood between satire and sincere nostalgia. Beyond music, vaporwave is inseparable from its graphic language: Greco‑Roman busts, Japanese text, retro operating systems, chrome logos, palm trees, neon gradients, and “mall culture” architecture. The result feels like a haunted shopping mall: part critique of consumer capitalism, part wistful memory of media and retail spaces from the 1980s–2000s. Tempos are typically slow (roughly 60–90 BPM), harmonies tend toward lush seventh and extended chords, and rhythms range from barely perceptible loops to minimal, gated drum programming. Many tracks are short, vignette‑like studies in texture and mood.

World music is a broad, industry-coined umbrella for traditional, folk, and contemporary popular styles from around the globe that fall outside the Anglo-American pop mainstream. The label emerged in the 1980s as a retail and marketing category to group diverse regional musics for international distribution. Musically, it spans acoustic and electric instrumentation; modal, pentatonic, and microtonal pitch systems; and rhythms ranging from cyclical grooves and polyrhythms to asymmetrical meters. While the term can obscure local specificity, it also facilitated cross-cultural collaboration, festivals, and recordings that brought regional genres to wider audiences.