Jean C. Roché

Whale song is a body of bioacoustic recordings featuring the vocalizations of whales—most famously humpback whales—presented and listened to as music. Although whales have sung for millennia, the genre coalesced in the late 1960s and 1970s when high‑fidelity hydrophone recordings became widely published on albums and in documentaries. The sound world is characterized by slowly evolving phrases, haunting glissandi, pulsed rhythms, and a striking dynamic and spectral range, from infrasonic rumbles to piercing squeals. Humpback whale songs exhibit hierarchical structure (units → phrases → themes → songs), seasonal variation, and cultural transmission across populations, which listeners perceive as forms of motif development and long‑form composition. As a listening genre, whale song straddles music, science, and environmental sound art. It is used for contemplation and relaxation, has influenced ambient and new age aesthetics, and remains a touchstone for eco‑acoustic awareness.

Nature sounds is a genre centered on unprocessed or minimally processed recordings of the natural acoustic environment—such as rain, wind, ocean surf, rivers, birdsong, insects, and forests—presented as the primary listening material. Rather than foregrounding melody or harmony, the genre emphasizes environmental texture, spatial depth, and the psychoacoustic qualities of place. While nature has been recorded since the early days of audio technology, nature sounds emerged as a distinct listening genre with the rise of ambient and New Age listening cultures, wellness and relaxation records, and the availability of high-fidelity field recording gear. Releases often aim for restorative, meditative, or documentary experiences, ranging from untouched soundscapes to gentle edits that preserve realism.

Nature recordings are unaccompanied, minimally edited captures of natural soundscapes such as birdsong, wind, rain, surf, rivers, amphibians, insects, and other environmental ambiences. The emphasis is on documentary fidelity, long-form listening, and preserving dynamic range rather than musical composition in the traditional sense. Releases often present extended, uninterrupted tracks from a single habitat or time window (e.g., dawn chorus, coastal storm, tropical rainforest at night), inviting listeners to experience place through sound. While closely related to field recording and soundscape composition, nature recordings typically avoid added instruments or overt sound design, privileging biophony and geophony with as little anthrophony (human-made noise) as possible.

Non-music is an umbrella category for recorded audio whose primary purpose is not musical performance. It encompasses spoken word, speeches, interviews, poetry readings, comedy, audio documentaries, instructional recordings, field recordings, sound effects, and other forms of organized sound meant to inform, narrate, document, or entertain without relying on melody or conventional song structure. Rather than emphasizing harmony, rhythm, and instrumentation, non-music foregrounds voice, text, ambient sound, narrative flow, informational content, and sonic texture. Its aesthetics range from raw, unedited actuality to highly produced studio works, and its scope spans archival preservation, education, performance art, and mass entertainment.

Animal sounds is a non-music, documentary-focused genre centered on the unaccompanied vocalizations and behaviors of animals—such as birdsong, whale song, insect choruses, amphibian calls, and mammal vocalizations—captured in the field. Rather than emphasizing melody, harmony, or beat, works in this genre present the acoustic ecology of a place and time. Producers often favor minimal processing to preserve scientific, educational, and experiential value, though some releases organize recordings into thematic "soundscapes" (e.g., dawn chorus, coastal rookeries). The genre is commonly used for education, research, relaxation, and as raw material for ambient, electroacoustic, and sound art contexts.

Birdsong is a non-music field-recording genre focused on the vocalizations of birds—songs, calls, and choruses—captured in natural habitats. Releases range from single-species studies and identification guides to immersive dawn-chorus soundscapes and curated sonic journeys through specific ecosystems. While often documentary in intent, birdsong albums are also appreciated for their meditative qualities and have been sampled or framed as art listening experiences.