Bop

United States · 1940s

Intense Dancing Happy Dark Sentimental

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Description

Bop (short for bebop) is a modern jazz style that emerged in the early-to-mid 1940s, marked by fast tempos, intricate melodies, and harmonically advanced improvisation. It shifted jazz from dance-oriented big-band entertainment to an art music centered on small combos and virtuosic soloing.

Hallmarks include complex chord progressions with extensive II–V–I movement, altered dominants, chromatic approach tones, and extended chord tones (9ths, 11ths, 13ths). Melodies ("heads") are often angular, syncopated, and densely notated, frequently written as contrafacts over familiar standards (e.g., rhythm changes or Cherokee). Rhythmic feel pivots on the ride cymbal, with the drummer "dropping bombs" on snare and bass drum, a walking bass underpinning, and comping piano punctuating harmonic motion.

Developed at New York venues like Minton’s Playhouse, bop elevated improvisational language, ensemble interplay, and artistic autonomy, laying the foundation for postwar modern jazz.

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Influenced by

Swing

Swing is a jazz style centered on a buoyant, danceable groove created by a walking bass, four-to-the-bar rhythm guitar, a backbeat emphasis on 2 and 4, and a lilted “swung” eighth-note feel. Typically performed by big bands (saxes, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section) as well as small combos, it balances written arrangements with improvised solos. Hallmarks include call-and-response between horn sections, riff-based melodies, shout choruses that build intensity near the end of an arrangement, and rich sectional voicings grounded in blues language and ii–V–I harmonic motion. Tempos range from medium to brisk, serving social dances like the Lindy Hop and Jitterbug. Swing’s expressive phrasing, dance-floor focus, and sophisticated arranging made it the dominant popular music of the late 1930s and early 1940s.

Blues

Blues is an African American musical tradition defined by expressive "blue notes," call-and-response phrasing, and a characteristic use of dominant-seventh harmony in cyclical song forms (most famously the 12‑bar blues). It is as much a feeling as a form, conveying sorrow, resilience, humor, and hard-won joy. Musically, blues commonly employs the I–IV–V progression, swung or shuffled rhythms, and the AAB lyric stanza. Melodies lean on the minor/major third ambiguity and the flattened fifth and seventh degrees. Core instruments include voice, guitar (acoustic or electric), harmonica, piano, bass, and drums, with slide guitar, bends, and vocal melismas as signature techniques. Over time the blues has diversified into regional and stylistic currents—Delta and Piedmont country blues, urban Chicago and Texas blues, West Coast jump and boogie-woogie—while profoundly shaping jazz, rhythm & blues, rock and roll, soul, funk, and much of modern popular music.

Big Band

Big band is a large-ensemble style of jazz and popular dance music built around brass, reed, and rhythm sections playing arranged parts. Typical instrumentation includes five saxophones (often doubling clarinet/flute), four trombones, four trumpets, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, upright bass, and drum set. The music emphasizes swing rhythms, call-and-response between sections, riff-based writing, and dramatic shout choruses, while leaving space for improvised solos. Born in American ballrooms and theaters, big band became the sound of the Swing Era, providing both music for dancing and a platform for sophisticated arranging and orchestration that shaped much of 20th‑century jazz and popular music.

Stride

Stride (often called Harlem stride piano) is an early jazz piano style distinguished by a powerful, syncopated left hand that "strides" between low bass notes or octaves on beats 1 and 3 and mid‑range chords on beats 2 and 4, while the right hand plays a highly embellished melody, runs, and improvised variations. Emerging in New York City—especially Harlem—after ragtime, stride expanded the rhythmic looseness, harmonic richness, and improvisational freedom that would feed directly into swing and later jazz piano traditions. It is both virtuosic and danceable, equally suited to fast showpieces and tender ballads, and was central to piano "cutting contests" of the era.

Jazz

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

Ragtime

Ragtime is an African American–rooted piano style that flourished from the 1890s to the 1910s, characterized by lively syncopation in the right hand against a steady, march-like “oom‑pah” accompaniment in the left hand. Typically written in 2/4 or 4/4 time and notated with straight (unswung) eighth notes, classic rags unfold in multiple 16‑bar strains, often in the form AABBACCDD. The music draws on cakewalk rhythms, marching-band forms, and popular song, and it became a sensation through sheet music, piano rolls, and parlor performance. Scott Joplin, known as the “King of Ragtime,” helped codify the genre’s refined, compositional approach, calling for moderate tempos and a clear, singing melody. Beyond solo piano, ragtime was arranged for small ensembles and orchestras, found a home in vaudeville and dance halls, and laid essential groundwork for early jazz, stride piano, and much of 20th‑century American popular music.

Has influenced

Hard Bop

Hard bop is a mid-1950s evolution of bebop that grounds modern jazz in the earthy sounds of blues, gospel, and rhythm and blues. It keeps bebop’s small-group virtuosity and improvisational focus, but favors punchy, riff-based themes, singable melodies, and a stronger, groove-forward swing. Typically performed by quintets or sextets (trumpet, tenor sax, piano, bass, and drums), hard bop emphasizes driving ride-cymbal swing, walking bass, and piano comping with bluesy voicings and percussive “block-chord” figures. Its compositions often use 12-bar blues, rhythm changes, and 32-bar AABA song forms, and may feature call-and-response horn writing and shout-chorus style interludes. The style is closely associated with the East Coast and the Blue Note/Prestige sound: tight arrangements, soulful heads, and extended, expressive solos.

Cool Jazz

Cool jazz is a modern jazz style marked by relaxed tempos, lighter tone, and a focus on arrangement, counterpoint, and timbral clarity. It favors understatement over virtuoso display and uses dynamics, space, and balance to create an airy, "cool" ambience. Emerging in the late 1940s, the style drew on bebop’s harmonic sophistication while smoothing its angular edges, often incorporating classical techniques such as linear writing and orchestral color. Hallmarks include brushed drums, lyrical improvisation, careful voice-leading, and unusual instrumentation (for jazz) like French horn and tuba alongside trumpet, saxophones, trombone, piano, bass, and drums. Although associated with the U.S. West Coast in the 1950s, cool jazz originated in New York through sessions led by Miles Davis and arranged by Gil Evans and others. It went on to influence bossa nova, third stream, modal jazz, and later smooth jazz and lounge aesthetics.

Pornogrind

Pornogrind is an extreme offshoot of grindcore characterized by ultra-low, pitch-shifted guttural vocals, chainsaw-like guitars, blasting or programmed drums, and an overtly pornographic, often deliberately juvenile shock-humor aesthetic. Musically, it combines the brevity and speed of grindcore with the heaviness of death metal and the noisier edges of noisecore/noisegrind, frequently punctuated by groove-oriented mid‑tempo sections and samples taken from porn soundtracks or vintage "porn groove" music. Lyrics and imagery are intentionally provocative and transgressive, typically satirizing or parodying adult entertainment culture rather than aiming for emotional depth.

Modal Jazz

Modal jazz is a style of jazz in which improvisation and composition are organized around musical modes rather than rapid chord changes. Instead of navigating dense harmonic progressions (as in bebop and hard bop), modal jazz often sustains a single scale or a small set of modes for long stretches, creating a spacious, open canvas for melodic development. Hallmarks include slow harmonic rhythm, pedal points or drones, vamp-based forms, and quartal/quintal voicings on piano and guitar. Improvisers focus on color, contour, and motivic variation inside a mode (e.g., Dorian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Lydian), rather than outlining constant chord substitutions. The sound is typically lyrical, floating, and contemplative, but it can also be turbulent and intense when rhythm section dynamics and modal tension are pushed. Canonical examples include Miles Davis’s Kind of Blue (1959) and John Coltrane’s modal vehicles such as Impressions and My Favorite Things.

Free Jazz

Free jazz is a radical branch of jazz that rejects fixed chord progressions, strict meter, and conventional song forms in favor of collective improvisation, textural exploration, and spontaneous interaction. Musicians prioritize timbre, dynamics, and gesture as much as pitch and harmony, often using extended techniques (multiphonics, overblowing, prepared piano) and unconventional sounds. While rooted in the blues and earlier jazz vocabularies, free jazz frees improvisers from pre-set harmonic cycles, allowing lines to unfold over tonal centers, shifting modes, drones, or complete atonality. Rhythm sections may float without a steady pulse, or drive with layered polyrhythms and “energy playing.” The result ranges from contemplative soundscapes to cathartic, high-intensity eruptions. Culturally, the genre intersected with the civil rights era and broader avant-garde movements, emphasizing autonomy, community, and new possibilities for musical expression.

Jazz Fusion

Jazz fusion (often simply called "fusion") blends the improvisational language and harmonic richness of jazz with the amplified instruments, grooves, and song forms of rock, funk, and R&B. It typically features electric guitars, electric bass or fretless bass, Rhodes electric piano, clavinet, analog and digital synthesizers, and a drum kit playing backbeat- and syncopation-heavy patterns. Hallmarks include extended chords and modal harmony, complex and shifting meters, brisk unison lines, virtuosic improvisation, and a production aesthetic that embraces effects processing and studio craft. The style ranges from fiery, aggressive workouts to polished, atmospheric textures, often within the same piece. Emerging in the late 1960s and flourishing through the 1970s, jazz fusion became a bridge between jazz audiences and rock/funk listeners, shaping later styles such as jazz-funk, smooth jazz, nu jazz, and parts of progressive and technical rock/metal.

Latin Jazz

Latin jazz is a fusion of jazz harmony and improvisation with Afro–Latin American rhythms, song forms, and percussion. It combines the swing, bebop, and big-band traditions with clave-based grooves such as son, rumba, danzón, and mambo, and later integrates Brazilian feels like samba and bossa nova. Typical features include the use of the clave (2–3 or 3–2), piano montunos (guajeos), bass tumbao patterns, timbales cáscara, conga marcha, and call-and-response horn "mambo" figures. While the rhythm section locks into cyclical patterns, soloists improvise using the vocabulary of jazz, creating music that is both danceable and harmonically rich.

Third Stream

Third stream is a hybrid genre that intentionally merges the languages of jazz and Western classical music. Coined by composer and horn player Gunther Schuller in 1957, the term describes music that is neither "jazz with strings" nor classical music with a swing veneer, but a true synthesis. It typically combines classical forms (such as fugue, theme and variations, or concerto-like structures) and orchestration with jazz harmony, rhythm, and improvisation. The results range from chamber-sized works for jazz combo and string quartet to large pieces for orchestra and jazz soloists. Third stream pieces often alternate between fully notated sections and improvised passages, use counterpoint and extended harmony, and may blend straight and swung time feels within a single work.

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