Baroque violin refers both to the instrument in its Baroque setup and to the repertory and performance practice for violin from roughly 1600–1750.
Typical instruments use gut strings, a lighter bass bar, a shorter/shallower neck angle, and no chin- or shoulder-rest. They are paired with a Baroque bow, whose camber and weight distribution encourage speech‑like articulation, sprung strokes, and a clear attack/decay. Pitch is commonly at A≈415 Hz (varying by region), and temperaments may be circulating or meantone rather than modern equal temperament.
Stylistically, Baroque violin playing emphasizes rhetorical phrasing (the "Doctrine of Affections"), ornamental vibrato (used as a coloristic embellishment rather than a constant), extempore ornamentation, and expressive bowing. The music lives in sonatas (da chiesa/da camera), dance suites, concerti (including the concerto grosso), and theatrical or sacred contexts, nearly always underpinned by basso continuo.
The violin family, perfected in northern Italy in the late 16th century (Cremona/Brescia), became the agile, speech‑like melodic voice of early Baroque music. In the first half of the 17th century, Italian violinists and composers codified violin idioms—tremolo, double-stops, rapid passagework, and expressive ornaments—within the sonata and dance movements, supported by basso continuo.
Rome and Bologna—then Venice and Dresden/Paris—shaped an international violin style. The concerto grosso and the solo concerto flourished; rhetorical bowing, terraced dynamics, and thematic sequences became hallmarks. Violin writing expanded in range and virtuosity, while regional styles (Italian cantabile, French dance elegance, German contrapuntal rigor) cross‑pollinated.
Later masters brought extreme virtuosity (capriccios, advanced double stops, scordatura) and codified teaching lineages. With the Classical period the violin’s setup gradually modernized, but Baroque techniques and repertory remained foundational. The 20th‑century early‑music movement revived Baroque violin practices on period instruments, shaping today’s historically informed performance.