Andalusī nūbah (also transliterated nūba, nūbā; classical Arabic nawba/nawbah) is a suite-based art-music tradition that took shape in al-Andalus and was later preserved and elaborated in the Maghrib (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya). Its modal language is related to the wider Arabic maqām system and its repertory is sung to classical strophic poetry (muwashshaḥ and zajal), accompanied by an orchestra of ‘ūd (lute), rabāb/kamanja (bowed fiddle/violin), qānūn (zither), nay (flute) and frame/drum percussion (ṭār, darbuka, bendir).
The word nūbah (“turn”) recalls court practice in which musicians performed in turn at the ruler’s command—literally being called to take their “shift” from behind a curtain (sattār). Each nūbah is a large cyclic suite in a single mode (tabʿ) unfolding through successive rhythmic cycles (mizān) that move from slow and contemplative to lively and dance-like. Over centuries, distinct regional schools emerged—Moroccan ṭarab al-ʿāla, Algerian sanʿa and gharnāṭī, Tunisian/Lybian mālūf—each preserving the Andalusian core while developing local colors.