Wali

Malay is a broad umbrella term for music created by and for the Malay-speaking world, centered in Malaysia and extending to Singapore, Brunei, and parts of Indonesia. It spans courtly and folk idioms (asli, inang, joget, zapin, dondang sayang, dikir barat, and Ghazal Johor) as well as modern popular styles performed in the Malay language. Its sonic palette blends Arab-Islamic devotional aesthetics, North Indian (Hindustani) melodic sensibilities, Indonesian/Javanese gamelan colors, and traces of Portuguese colonial dance forms, later absorbing jazz, Latin, and Western pop. Common instruments include gambus (Arab lute), biola (violin), seruling (flute), harmonium or accordion, gendang and rebana/kompang frame drums, alongside modern guitar, keyboards, and drum set. Vocals emphasize melisma and poetic delivery, often setting pantun (quatrain) texts and romantic or moral themes.

Sholawat is an Indonesian Islamic devotional song tradition centered on lyrical praises and blessings upon the Prophet Muhammad (salawat). It bridges Arabic liturgical poetry with local musical aesthetics, most commonly voiced in Arabic and Indonesian. Traditionally performed in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools), mosques, and community gatherings such as maulid and haul commemorations, sholawat relies on call-and-response vocals and frame-drum ensembles (rebana/terbangan, hadrah, marawis). In contemporary practice, it also appears in pop-influenced formats with keyboards, oud (gambus), violin, bass, and light percussion, making it accessible to younger audiences while retaining its devotional core. Melodically, sholawat often draws on maqam (modal) flavors such as Hijaz, Bayati, and Nahawand, with ornamental, melismatic singing. Its rhythmic palette spans simple 2/4 and 4/4 grooves to Middle Eastern-derived patterns (e.g., malfuf and wahda), adapted to Indonesian ensemble practices.