Simion Bogdan-Mihai

Muzică lăutărească is the urban, professional music of Roma (lăutari) and Romanian musicians from Wallachia and Moldavia, performed at weddings, fairs, and city salons. It crystallized in the 19th century from older courtly and folk practices, blending Romanian dance forms with Ottoman, Balkan, and Jewish elements. Typical taraful (ensemble) instrumentation features lead violin (prím), second violin or viola braccio, cobza or guitar, accordion, cimbalom (țambal), clarinet, nai (pan flute), and double bass. The style is marked by ornate melodic ornamentation, rubato improvisation (especially in doina), modal colors such as Hijaz/Phrygian-dominant, harmonic minor, and Dorian, and grooves for circle dances like hora and sârba as well as uneven Balkan meters such as 7/8. Repertoire spans exuberant dance medleys and intimate drinking songs (cântec de pahar), often with poetic, bittersweet lyrics.