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MIDI music is a style centered on composing and distributing music as Standard MIDI Files (.mid), using General MIDI (GM) instrument maps and channel conventions rather than recorded audio. Characterized by the hallmark timbres of GM-era synth modules and sound cards (e.g., Sound Canvas pianos, synth brass, slap bass, orchestral hits, and the Channel 10 drum kit), it embraces the sequenced, quantized feel of early PC games, DOS/Windows multimedia, and 1990s web pages that auto-played background MIDIs. Expressivity is driven by velocity, pitch bend, modulation, and controller messages, not microphone capture. Distinct from chiptune and tracker music, which target specific sound chips or module formats, MIDI music is portable across devices and soundfonts, producing a recognizable yet device-dependent aesthetic that evokes retro computing, early internet culture, and game nostalgia.

FM synthesis is a sound-design–driven electronic style built around frequency modulation techniques, where one oscillator (the modulator) alters the frequency of another (the carrier) to create complex, evolving spectra. The result is famously bright, glassy, and metallic timbres—bell tones, electric pianos, plucks, basses, and inharmonic percussion—that are difficult to achieve with subtractive or wavetable methods. As a musical aesthetic, FM synthesis coalesced around the Yamaha DX series (especially the DX7, 1983) and later 4‑operator units like the TX81Z, spreading through 1980s pop, city pop, new age, jazz fusion, and game music. Its signature presets (e.g., "E. PIANO 1", "Lately Bass") defined the sonic palette of mid‑80s to early‑90s recordings, while FM chips in consoles and arcades shaped the sound of an entire era of video games. Today, FM remains a distinct compositional palette: crystalline highs, punchy transient detail, and harmonically rich but precise tones that can feel both futuristic and nostalgic.