Ragas of North India

Sarod refers to both the North Indian (Hindustani) classical repertoire played on the sarod and the instrumental idiom developed around the instrument itself. The sarod is a fretless, short‑necked, skin‑topped lute with a polished metal fingerboard, multiple sympathetic strings (tarab), and a bright, cutting tone distinct from the sitar. Typically fitted with 17–25 strings (4–6 main melody strings, 2–4 chikari/drone strings, and 9–15 sympathetic strings), it is plucked with a stiff plectrum (java) traditionally made from coconut shell or a modern synthetic. The absence of frets allows wide meend (glissando) and nuanced gamak (oscillation), making the sarod ideal for exploring raga microtonality and long, sculpted phrases. Performance follows Hindustani classical conventions: a contemplative alap, the pulse‑finding jod, the driving jhala, and one or more composed gats with tabla in talas such as teentaal, ektal, jhaptal, or rupak. Distinct gharanas (lineages)—notably the Senia Bangash/Gwalior, Shahjahanpur/Lucknow, and Maihar schools—shape repertoire, right‑hand stroke vocabularies, and ornament priorities.