Trésors folkloriques roumains : Un virtuose du cymbalum Vol. II

Muzică lăutărească is the urban, professional music of Roma (lăutari) and Romanian musicians from Wallachia and Moldavia, performed at weddings, fairs, and city salons. It crystallized in the 19th century from older courtly and folk practices, blending Romanian dance forms with Ottoman, Balkan, and Jewish elements. Typical taraful (ensemble) instrumentation features lead violin (prím), second violin or viola braccio, cobza or guitar, accordion, cimbalom (țambal), clarinet, nai (pan flute), and double bass. The style is marked by ornate melodic ornamentation, rubato improvisation (especially in doina), modal colors such as Hijaz/Phrygian-dominant, harmonic minor, and Dorian, and grooves for circle dances like hora and sârba as well as uneven Balkan meters such as 7/8. Repertoire spans exuberant dance medleys and intimate drinking songs (cântec de pahar), often with poetic, bittersweet lyrics.

Romanian folk music is the traditional music of Romania’s villages and small towns, shaped by pastoral life in the Carpathians, Danubian plains, and the Black Sea region. It features a wide spectrum of vocal and dance forms—from the free-rhythm, melismatic doină to propulsive circle dances such as horă and sârbă—and a performance aesthetic rooted in ornamented melody and heterophonic textures. Typical ensembles (taraf) combine fiddle (vioară), cobza (a plucked lute), nai (pan flute), ţambal (cimbalom), accordion, clarinet, and sometimes the tárogató (taragot), shepherd flutes, cimpoi (bagpipe), and tulnic (alpenhorn). Modal melodies (often Dorian, Aeolian, and Mixolydian, with occasional augmented seconds) and asymmetric meters (5/8, 7/8, 9/8) are common, especially in Dobrogea and the south. Socially, the music accompanies weddings, seasonal rituals (colinde/carols, Călușari healing/rite dance), and community gatherings, carrying themes of love, nature, heroism (haiduc ballads), humor, and laments.