The Story of Tutankhamun

Ancient Egyptian music refers to the soundworld and performance practices of Egypt from the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods through the Ptolemaic era (ca. 3000–30 BCE). It was integral to ritual, kingship, festivals, funerary rites, banquets, and daily life. Iconography and texts show ensembles of singers, dancers, and instrumentalists serving temples and courts, as well as professional entertainers in domestic feasts. Characteristic instruments include arched and angular harps, lyres, long‑necked lutes (introduced later from the Levant), end‑blown flutes and double pipes, double‑reed pipes, natural trumpets, frame and goblet drums, hand clappers, and two emblematic ritual rattles: the sistrum and the menat. Textures were largely monophonic or heterophonic with drones, and rhythm was strongly cyclic. While no definitive notation survives, melodic practice was likely modal, with small intervals, stepwise motion, and ornamental inflection guided by voice and instrument.