Tanburi Cemil Bey

Islamic modal music refers to the interconnected family of modal systems that developed across the Islamic world, most prominently the Arabic maqam, the Persian dastgāh/radif, the Ottoman-Turkish makam, the Maghrebi nuba, and the Central Asian shashmaqam. These systems share core ideas: a repertoire of modes built from characteristic scale fragments (ajnas or tetrachords), microtonal intervals beyond Western 12-tone equal temperament, recognizable melodic paths (seyir or sayr), and cadential formulas. Music is primarily monophonic and heterophonic, with melody and timbre taking precedence over functional harmony, and it is articulated through cyclical rhythms (iqāʿāt/usûl) and highly developed improvisation (taqsim, taksim, avaz).