La belle époque: The Songs of Reynaldo Hahn

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

Mélodie is the French tradition of art song, typically for solo voice and piano, that blossomed in the mid-to-late 19th century. It places exceptional emphasis on the natural inflection and clarity of the French language, marrying refined poetry to nuanced melodic lines and sensitive accompaniments. Compared to the German Lied, mélodie is often more restrained and speech-like in phrasing, prioritizing text intelligibility, elegance of line, and subtle harmonic shading. Composers frequently set poems by major French writers—particularly from the Parnassian and Symbolist movements—resulting in music that is intimate, evocative, and rich in coloristic detail. The piano part in mélodie is not merely supportive; it participates actively in the narrative and atmosphere, with delicate figurations, harmonic ambiguity, and timbral nuance that paint the poem’s imagery. While most mélodies are for voice and piano, notable cycles were later orchestrated, expanding the genre’s palette without sacrificing its core intimacy.