Is That a Riot?

Hip hop is a cultural and musical movement that emerged from Black, Latino, and Caribbean communities, centering around rapping (MCing), DJing/turntablism, sampling-based production, and rhythmic speech over beats. It prioritizes groove, wordplay, and storytelling, often reflecting the social realities of urban life. Musically, hip hop is built on drum-centric rhythms (from breakbeats to 808 patterns), looped samples, and bass-forward mixes. Lyrically, it ranges from party anthems and braggadocio to political commentary and intricate poetic forms, with flow, cadence, and rhyme density as core expressive tools. Beyond music, hip hop encompasses a broader culture, historically intertwined with graffiti, b-boying/b-girling (breakdance), fashion, and street entrepreneurship, making it both an art form and a global social language.

Jazz is an improvisation-centered music tradition that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century. It blends blues feeling, ragtime syncopation, European harmonic practice, and brass band instrumentation into a flexible, conversational art. Defining features include swing rhythm (a triplet-based pulse), call-and-response phrasing, blue notes, and extended harmonies built on 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. Jazz is as much a way of making music—spontaneous interaction, variation, and personal sound—as it is a set of forms and tunes. Across its history, jazz has continually hybridized, from New Orleans ensembles and big-band swing to bebop, cool and hard bop, modal and free jazz, fusion, and contemporary cross-genre experiments. Its influence permeates global popular and art music.

New Orleans brass band is a parade-born ensemble tradition that blends European military band instrumentation with African American rhythmic feel and collective improvisation. Typical lineups feature trumpets and/or cornets carrying the melody, trombones with tailgate counter-lines, clarinet or saxophone weaving obligato figures, a sousaphone (or tuba) providing walking bass, and a street percussion battery with snare, bass drum, and cymbals driving the second line groove. Repertoire spans hymns and dirges for jazz funerals, blues, ragtime strains, marches, and joyous up-tempo shout choruses for social-aid-and-pleasure club parades. The style is defined by swing, syncopation, call-and-response, polyphonic collective improvisation, and the distinctive second line beat—an elastic, syncopated march feel that turns the street into a dance floor. Since the 1970s, many bands have incorporated funk, R&B, and hip-hop influences while retaining the core parade ethos.