Bahriye Ciftetellisi

Romani folk music is the diverse, diasporic musical tradition of the Romani people, whose ancestors migrated from the Indian subcontinent into the Middle East and Europe during the late medieval period. Carrying core melodic and rhythmic ideas with them, Romani musicians absorbed and reinterpreted local styles, creating a family of related yet regionally distinct musics across Central, Eastern, Southern, and Western Europe. Common features include ornate, highly expressive melodies with melismas and slides; flexible tempo practices (rubato introductions leading into faster dance sections); and modal colors such as harmonic minor and the Phrygian dominant (often called "Gypsy" or freygish in European discourse). Instrumentation varies by region—fiddles and cimbalom in the Carpathian basin; clarinet, accordion, and cimbalom in Romania and Hungary; brass bands in the Balkans; and guitar-based ensembles among Iberian Gitanos. Dance repertoires (e.g., csárdás, hora, kolo, čoček) and the Romani language often feature, alongside local tongues.