After the War Comes Funeral: Circassian Songs of Resistance and Sorrow 1763-1864

Circassian folk music (Adyghe/Kabardian) comes from the Northwest Caucasus and is tightly linked to communal dance, oral poetry, and the Adyghe Xabze code of conduct. It is characterized by driving dance rhythms in asymmetric meters (5/8, 7/8, 9/8), heterophonic textures, and antiphonal/song-leader practices at social dance gatherings (djegu). Core instruments include the pshine (Circassian button accordion), the pkhachich (wooden clappers), the shichepshin (a bowed spike fiddle), along with flutes and later, violin and clarinet. Vocal genres range from epic songs recounting the Nart sagas to wedding songs, laments of exile, and lyrical love songs. The style exists both in the historical homeland (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia) and across a large diaspora (notably in Turkey, Jordan, and Syria), where it has continued to evolve while retaining key rhythms, modes, and dance functions.

Caucasian folk music encompasses the traditional vocal and instrumental practices of the South and North Caucasus, especially Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the North Caucasian republics. It is characterized by striking vocal techniques (from Georgian multipart polyphony to highly ornamented bardic song), modal melodies, and asymmetrical “aksak” meters. Hallmarks include robust drone-based polyphony and parallel fourths/fifths in Georgian song; the plaintive timbre of the Armenian duduk; the modal, melismatic art of ashugh/ashiq bards; and exuberant dance tunes like the pan-Caucasian lezginka. Common instruments include duduk/balaban and zurna (double reeds), salamuri (flute), tulum (bagpipe), panduri and chonguri (Georgian lutes), saz and tar (long- and short-necked lutes), kamancha (spike fiddle), garmon (button accordion), and doli/nagara (frame and kettle drums). Themes often evoke mountains, hospitality, heroism, love, exile, and epic memory. The music’s blend of polyphony, maqam/makam-derived modality, and complex rhythms (5/8, 7/8, 9/8, 10/8) gives it a dramatic, communal, and highly kinetic character—equally at home in intimate gatherings and staged ensembles.

Caucasian music is an umbrella term for the traditional and popular musics of the Caucasus—primarily Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the North Caucasus republics. It binds together diverse vocal and instrumental practices, from Georgian multipart folk polyphony to Armenian duduk laments and Azerbaijani mugham improvisation, as well as the fast, athletic dance music of the North Caucasus. Common features include prominent vocal traditions (solo ashugh/bardic song and powerful choirs), drones and parallel intervals, ornamented melodic lines with melisma, and flexible or asymmetric meters such as 5/8, 7/8, and 9/8. Instruments often include the duduk/balaban and zurna (double-reed aerophones), tar and saz (plucked lutes), kamancha (bowed fiddle), panduri and chonguri (Georgian lutes), garmon/accordion, and a range of drums (doli, dap, nağara). Historically situated at a crossroads, Caucasian music reflects layers of influence from Byzantine/Orthodox chant, Persian and Turkish modal systems, and Slavic/Russian art-folk idioms. In modern times it encompasses both preserved rural repertoires and urban fusions that place traditional timbres in jazz, rock, and electronic settings.